Linux — Essential Commands:
- ls, cd, pwd, mkdir, rm (file management)
- chmod, chown (permissions)
- ps, top, kill (process management)
- grep, awk, sed (text processing)
- ssh, scp (remote access)

Networking — Key Concepts:
- OSI model (7 layers)
- TCP/IP protocols
- IP addressing and subnetting
- DNS and routing
- HTTP/HTTPS and ports

Resources:
- Linux Journey (free)
- NetworkChuck on YouTube
- Cisco Networking Academy

Python for Cloud Automation:
- Variables, data types, loops, functions
- Working with APIs (requests library)
- File I/O and JSON
- Automating cloud tasks

Sample script:
import boto3
# List S3 buckets
s3 = boto3.client('s3')
buckets = s3.list_buckets()
for bucket in buckets['Buckets']:
    print(bucket['Name'])

Resources:
- Python for Everybody (Coursera)
- Automate the Boring Stuff
- AWS SDK (boto3) documentation

Cloud Concepts — Key Topics:
1. What is cloud computing?
2. Deployment models:
   - Public, Private, Hybrid
3. Service models:
   - IaaS (Infrastructure)
   - PaaS (Platform)
   - SaaS (Software)
4. Benefits: Scalability, Cost, Global reach
5. Shared responsibility model

Why it matters:
Understanding these concepts is essential
for any cloud certification and interview.

AWS — Core Services:
Compute:
- EC2 (virtual servers)
- Lambda (serverless)

Storage:
- S3 (object storage)
- EBS (block storage)

Database:
- RDS (SQL databases)
- DynamoDB (NoSQL)

Networking:
- VPC (virtual network)
- Route 53 (DNS)

Why AWS? Largest market share (32%),
most job opportunities, and the most
comprehensive free tier for learning.

Azure — Core Services:
Compute:
- Virtual Machines
- App Services (PaaS)
- Functions (serverless)

Storage:
- Blob Storage (object)
- Disk Storage (block)

Database:
- SQL Database (SQL)
- Cosmos DB (NoSQL)

Networking:
- Virtual Network
- Load Balancer

Why Azure? Strong enterprise adoption,
hybrid cloud capabilities, and Microsoft
integration. 22% market share.

GCP — Core Services:
Compute:
- Compute Engine (VMs)
- GKE (Kubernetes)

Storage:
- Cloud Storage (object)
- Persistent Disk

Database:
- Cloud SQL (SQL)
- Firestore (NoSQL)
- Bigtable (NoSQL)

Analytics:
- BigQuery (data warehouse)

Why GCP? Best for data and ML,
growing rapidly (11% market share),
and home to TensorFlow.

DevOps & CI/CD — Key Concepts:
1. Continuous Integration (CI):
   - Code changes merged frequently
   - Automated builds and tests
   - Tools: Jenkins, GitHub Actions, GitLab CI

2. Continuous Delivery (CD):
   - Automated deployment to staging/production
   - Tools: AWS CodePipeline, Azure DevOps

3. DevOps Culture:
   - Collaboration between dev and ops
   - Automation and monitoring
   - Rapid feedback loops

Why it matters: DevOps is the standard
for cloud application delivery.

Infrastructure as Code (IaaC):
Terraform — Industry standard:
- Declarative configuration
- Define infrastructure as code
- Plan and apply changes

Example Terraform:
provider "aws" {
  region = "us-east-1"
}

resource "aws_instance" "web" {
  ami           = "ami-0c55b159cbfafe1f0"
  instance_type = "t2.micro"
  tags = {
    Name = "WebServer"
  }
}

Why learn Terraform?
- Works across all cloud providers
- Most in-demand IaaC skill
- Industry standard

Cloud Security — Key Concepts:
1. Identity and Access Management (IAM):
   - Users, groups, roles
   - Least privilege principle

2. Network Security:
   - Security groups (firewall rules)
   - VPCs and subnets
   - Private vs public subnets

3. Data Security:
   - Encryption at rest (KMS)
   - Encryption in transit (TLS)

4. Best Practices:
   - Multi-factor authentication
   - Regular audits
   - Shared responsibility model

Why it matters: Security is a top priority
for every cloud organisation.