Oracle Automation Testing Interview Questions & Answers

It uses the key's hashCode to find a bucket and equals to resolve collisions, giving O(1) average lookups; Java 8 converts long buckets into trees.

final makes a variable, method or class unchangeable; finally is a block that always runs after try-catch; finalize is a deprecated method called before garbage collection.

Use CSS or XPath with contains(), starts-with() or stable attributes, relative axes, or data-test attributes agreed with developers.

Create a job or pipeline that checks out code, runs mvn test, publishes reports and triggers on commits or schedules.

Docker packages tools in containers so tests run identically everywhere; Selenium Grid and browsers can be started quickly in containers.

public (everywhere), protected (package and subclasses), default (package) and private (same class), used to control visibility of test utilities.

ArrayList has fast random access and slower inserts in the middle; LinkedList has fast inserts and deletes but slow access by index.

Set window size explicitly, use proper waits, check animations and viewport differences, and capture screenshots and logs to find timing issues.

If the element is <input type="file">, use element.sendKeys("C:/path/file.pdf"). Use the Robot class or AutoIt only as a last resort for OS dialogs.

Stabilise waits and data, isolate tests, use retries cautiously, quarantine unstable tests, run in consistent containers and track flaky rates.

A special method that initialises an object. It can be overloaded with different parameters, and testers use it to pass the WebDriver into page classes.

Tag tests with groups = {"smoke","regression"} and include or exclude them in testng.xml to run chosen sets.

It makes a test run only after specified tests pass, otherwise it is skipped. Use sparingly as it creates coupled tests.

An abstract class can hold state and concrete methods; an interface defines a contract (with default methods since Java 8). A class extends one abstract class but can implement many interfaces.

Classes such as Integer and Double that wrap primitive types as objects, needed for collections and for parsing text from web elements.

Hard assert stops the test at the first failure; SoftAssert collects failures and reports them together when assertAll() is called.

Use headers such as Bearer tokens, basic auth, API keys or OAuth flows; fetch a token in a setup step and reuse it.

POST creates a resource, PUT replaces the whole resource (idempotent) and PATCH updates part of it.

A scripted or declarative Jenkinsfile that defines stages such as build, test and deploy as code stored with the project.

close() closes the current window; quit() closes all windows and ends the driver session.

BeforeSuite, BeforeTest, BeforeClass, BeforeMethod, Test, AfterMethod, AfterClass, AfterTest and AfterSuite.

One interface, many forms. WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver() lets the same test code run on any browser class that implements WebDriver.

200 OK, 201 Created, 400 bad request, 401 unauthenticated, 403 forbidden, 404 not found and 500 server error.

A design pattern where each page is a class holding its locators and actions, so tests stay readable and a locator change is fixed in one place.

A Java library that makes API tests readable using given-when-then, with easy request building, response validation and JSON path support.

A try block that automatically closes resources such as file readers or streams, preventing leaks without a finally block.

A method annotated with @DataProvider returns a 2D object array and the test with dataProvider = "name" runs once per row.

Encapsulation: private locators with public page methods. Inheritance: pages extend a BasePage. Polymorphism: the WebDriver interface for different browsers. Abstraction: utility layers hiding Selenium details.

ArrayList and LinkedList for lists, HashSet for unique values, HashMap for key-value test data, and Iterator for traversing them, for example collecting web elements in a list.

Use then().statusCode(200).body("data.id", equalTo(5)), or extract() the response and assert fields with JsonPath.

Lambdas are short anonymous functions; streams process collections declaratively with filter, map and collect, for example filtering link text from a list of elements.

Mouse and keyboard actions such as hover, drag and drop, double click, right click and key combinations, built with moveToElement(...).perform().

Arrays have a fixed size and can hold primitives; ArrayList grows dynamically, holds objects and offers helper methods.

//button[normalize-space()='Login'] //button[contains(text(),'Login')]

String r = new StringBuilder(s).reverse().toString(); // or loop from the last index and append each character

this refers to the current object; super refers to the parent class, used to call parent constructors and methods.

== compares references (or primitive values); equals() compares content when overridden, as in String.

Running the same test logic with multiple data sets from Excel, CSV, JSON or a database, so coverage increases without duplicating code.

Use isDisplayed(), isEnabled() and isSelected() on the WebElement before interacting or asserting.

Absolute starts from the root (/html/...) and breaks easily; relative starts anywhere with // and is more stable, for example //input[@id='email'].

An interface for systems to talk to each other. GET reads, POST creates, PUT replaces, PATCH updates partially and DELETE removes.

throw actually raises an exception object inside a method; throws declares in the method signature that it may pass an exception to the caller.

Use TestNG parallel="methods | classes | tests" with thread-count, keep WebDriver in a ThreadLocal, and use Selenium Grid or a cloud grid for multiple browsers.

Define parameter name and value in the XML and read them with @Parameters in the test or configuration method.

Get getWindowHandles(), loop to find the target, and call driver.switchTo().window(handle); switch back using the stored parent handle.

A configuration file to define suites, tests, classes, groups, parameters and parallel execution settings.

@BeforeTest runs once before all methods in a test tag of testng.xml; @BeforeMethod runs before every test method.

getText returns visible inner text; getAttribute returns an HTML attribute or property such as value, href or class.

Use JavascriptExecutor with window.scrollTo or scrollIntoView, or the Actions class scroll methods in Selenium 4.

Implicit, explicit (WebDriverWait with ExpectedConditions) and fluent waits; avoid mixing implicit and explicit waits and never rely on Thread.sleep.

Implement IRetryAnalyzer with a retry count and attach it through the test annotation or a listener to rerun flaky tests.

It manages dependencies through pom.xml, builds the project, runs tests with Surefire and standardises structure across teams.

Relative locators, improved Grid, W3C compliance, new window or tab creation, Chrome DevTools Protocol access and element-level screenshots.

ArrayList stores an ordered list (e.g. all product names on a page). HashMap stores key–value pairs (e.g. test data or config properties).

An open-source suite for browser automation: WebDriver, IDE, Grid and the older RC. WebDriver controls browsers through their native drivers.

Headless mode or screen resolution, timing issues, environment data, missing dependencies, browser–driver version mismatch or parallel conflicts. Check logs and failure screenshots and make waits robust.

Behaviour-driven development writes scenarios in Given-When-Then Gherkin that map to step definitions in code, so business and QA share one language.

SOAP is a strict XML protocol with WSDL and WS-Security; REST is a lighter architectural style using HTTP and usually JSON.

An API client. Add tests in JavaScript, use environments and collections, and run them with Newman in a CI pipeline.

Cast the driver to JavascriptExecutor and use executeScript, for example to scroll into view or click hidden elements.

Code pushed to Git → Jenkins job triggers (webhook or schedule) → mvn clean test with the suite XML → reports and screenshots published → notifications on Slack/email → failures triaged before release.