Paytm Automation Testing Interview Questions & Answers

Get getWindowHandles(), loop to find the target, and call driver.switchTo().window(handle); switch back using the stored parent handle.

Docker packages tools in containers so tests run identically everywhere; Selenium Grid and browsers can be started quickly in containers.

TestNG reports, ExtentReports and Allure give charts, screenshots and logs that are easy to share with the team.

A helper that initialises @FindBy elements lazily using initElements; some teams skip it in favour of plain By locators.

Use mocks or stubs such as WireMock to simulate the dependency and test your service in isolation.

findElement returns the first match and throws NoSuchElementException if nothing is found. findElements returns a List (empty if nothing is found) — handy to check whether an element exists.

Define parameter name and value in the XML and read them with @Parameters in the test or configuration method.

Verifying that a provider and consumer agree on request and response formats, using tools like Pact, to catch breaking changes early.

Encapsulation: private locators with public page methods. Inheritance: pages extend a BasePage. Polymorphism: the WebDriver interface for different browsers. Abstraction: utility layers hiding Selenium details.

A configuration file to define suites, tests, classes, groups, parameters and parallel execution settings.

String is immutable — every change creates a new object. StringBuilder is mutable and faster for repeated changes (not thread-safe; StringBuffer is).

Tag tests with groups = {"smoke","regression"} and include or exclude them in testng.xml to run chosen sets.

Continuous Integration builds and tests every commit, and Continuous Delivery ships automatically. Automated tests give fast feedback and gate releases.

An abstract class can hold state and concrete methods; an interface defines a contract (with default methods since Java 8). A class extends one abstract class but can implement many interfaces.

200 OK, 201 Created, 204 No Content, 400 Bad Request, 401 Unauthorized, 403 Forbidden, 404 Not Found, 500 Internal Server Error.

Relative locators, improved Grid, W3C compliance, new window or tab creation, Chrome DevTools Protocol access and element-level screenshots.

Behaviour-driven development writes scenarios in Given-When-Then Gherkin that map to step definitions in code, so business and QA share one language.

public (everywhere), protected (package and subclasses), default (package) and private (same class), used to control visibility of test utilities.

One interface, many forms. WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver() lets the same test code run on any browser class that implements WebDriver.

Locators such as above, below, toLeftOf and near that find elements by their position relative to another element.

A design pattern where each page is a class holding its locators and actions, so tests stay readable and a locator change is fixed in one place.

Create a job or pipeline that checks out code, runs mvn test, publishes reports and triggers on commits or schedules.

An open-source suite for browser automation: WebDriver, IDE, Grid and the older RC. WebDriver controls browsers through their native drivers.

Compare effort saved by running automated tests repeatedly against the cost of building and maintaining scripts, counting execution time, defects found earlier and release speed.

A special method that initialises an object. It can be overloaded with different parameters, and testers use it to pass the WebDriver into page classes.

Use CSS or XPath with contains(), starts-with() or stable attributes, relative axes, or data-test attributes agreed with developers.

Runtime events that disrupt flow. Use try-catch-finally, throw, throws, and custom exceptions; checked exceptions must be handled while unchecked ones need not be.

== compares references (or primitive values); equals() compares content when overridden, as in String.

A scripted or declarative Jenkinsfile that defines stages such as build, test and deploy as code stored with the project.

Use external files or APIs and database setup scripts, generate unique data per run, and clean up afterwards so tests stay independent.

Implement ITestListener.onTestFailure(): File src = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE); then copy it into the reports folder.

Set window size explicitly, use proper waits, check animations and viewport differences, and capture screenshots and logs to find timing issues.

Implicit, explicit (WebDriverWait with ExpectedConditions) and fluent waits; avoid mixing implicit and explicit waits and never rely on Thread.sleep.

Use the Select class with selectByVisibleText, selectByValue or selectByIndex; for custom dropdowns click and choose from the list of elements.

Use isDisplayed(), isEnabled() and isSelected() on the WebElement before interacting or asserting.

Stabilise waits and data, isolate tests, use retries cautiously, quarantine unstable tests, run in consistent containers and track flaky rates.

A Java library that makes API tests readable using given-when-then, with easy request building, response validation and JSON path support.

throw actually raises an exception object inside a method; throws declares in the method signature that it may pass an exception to the caller.

Git tracks changes, enables code review, branching and rollback and lets teams collaborate on the framework safely.

Comparable defines the natural order inside the class (compareTo); Comparator defines custom orders externally (compare), useful for sorting test data in several ways.

Automate stable, repetitive, high-risk and data-heavy flows (smoke, regression). Skip one-time tests, frequently changing UI and checks needing human judgement. Compare run frequency × manual time with build and maintenance cost.

Click to open the dropdown, then locate the option by its text, e.g. //li[text()='India'], and click it. Add an explicit wait for the animation.

A lightweight text format of key-value pairs and arrays used in API requests and responses, validated field by field in tests.

Mouse and keyboard actions such as hover, drag and drop, double click, right click and key combinations, built with moveToElement(...).perform().

It uses the key's hashCode to find a bucket and equals to resolve collisions, giving O(1) average lookups; Java 8 converts long buckets into trees.

Classes such as Integer and Double that wrap primitive types as objects, needed for collections and for parsing text from web elements.

Arrays have a fixed size and can hold primitives; ArrayList grows dynamically, holds objects and offers helper methods.

A try block that automatically closes resources such as file readers or streams, preventing leaks without a finally block.

A test framework offering annotations, grouping, prioritisation, parallel runs, data providers and reports, which structure and scale Selenium tests.

Lambdas are short anonymous functions; streams process collections declaratively with filter, map and collect, for example filtering link text from a list of elements.

Keep credentials in external data, parameterise the test with a data provider, reuse a login method in a page class, and clear sessions between roles.

Static members belong to the class and are shared by all instances; non-static members belong to each object.

Locate rows and columns with XPath such as //table//tr and //td, loop through them to read or click cells, or build the XPath dynamically from the row text.

An authorisation framework where a client obtains an access token from an auth server and sends it as a Bearer token; tests fetch and reuse the token in setup.

Encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism and abstraction. Testers use them to build reusable page classes, base tests and utility libraries.

Headless mode or screen resolution, timing issues, environment data, missing dependencies, browser–driver version mismatch or parallel conflicts. Check logs and failure screenshots and make waits robust.

//button[normalize-space()='Login'] //button[contains(text(),'Login')]

Absolute starts from the root (/html/...) and breaks easily; relative starts anywhere with // and is more stable, for example //input[@id='email'].

ArrayList and LinkedList for lists, HashSet for unique values, HashMap for key-value test data, and Iterator for traversing them, for example collecting web elements in a list.

It runs tests in parallel across multiple machines and browsers using a hub and nodes, cutting execution time and increasing browser coverage.

A method annotated with @DataProvider returns a 2D object array and the test with dataProvider = "name" runs once per row.

Hard assert stops the test at the first failure; SoftAssert collects failures and reports them together when assertAll() is called.

If the element is <input type="file">, use element.sendKeys("C:/path/file.pdf"). Use the Robot class or AutoIt only as a last resort for OS dialogs.

close() closes the current window; quit() closes all windows and ends the driver session.

given().baseUri(url) .when().get("/users/1") .then().statusCode(200).body("id", equalTo(1));

driver.switchTo().alert() lets you accept, dismiss, read text or send keys. Browser windows are handled with window handles.

ArrayList has fast random access and slower inserts in the middle; LinkedList has fast inserts and deletes but slow access by index.

Implement IRetryAnalyzer with a retry count and attach it through the test annotation or a listener to rerun flaky tests.

Classes like ITestListener that react to events such as test start, success or failure, commonly used for screenshots and reporting.

ArrayList stores an ordered list (e.g. all product names on a page). HashMap stores key–value pairs (e.g. test data or config properties).

Do not automate it; ask for a test environment where CAPTCHA is disabled or use test keys, or a bypass token agreed with developers.