Tower Research Capital Automation Testing Interview Questions & Answers

WebDriver sends commands over HTTP (W3C protocol) to a browser-specific driver such as chromedriver, which controls the actual browser.

An API client. Add tests in JavaScript, use environments and collections, and run them with Newman in a CI pipeline.

Static members belong to the class and are shared by all instances; non-static members belong to each object.

An authorisation framework where a client obtains an access token from an auth server and sends it as a Bearer token; tests fetch and reuse the token in setup.

Get getWindowHandles(), loop to find the target, and call driver.switchTo().window(handle); switch back using the stored parent handle.

Code pushed to Git → Jenkins job triggers (webhook or schedule) → mvn clean test with the suite XML → reports and screenshots published → notifications on Slack/email → failures triaged before release.

A try block that automatically closes resources such as file readers or streams, preventing leaks without a finally block.

Use CSS or XPath with contains(), starts-with() or stable attributes, relative axes, or data-test attributes agreed with developers.

//button[normalize-space()='Login'] //button[contains(text(),'Login')]

A Java library that makes API tests readable using given-when-then, with easy request building, response validation and JSON path support.

TestNG reports, ExtentReports and Allure give charts, screenshots and logs that are easy to share with the team.

It runs tests in parallel across multiple machines and browsers using a hub and nodes, cutting execution time and increasing browser coverage.

Use headers such as Bearer tokens, basic auth, API keys or OAuth flows; fetch a token in a setup step and reuse it.

Keep URLs and credentials in per-environment config files or variables, choose with a command-line parameter and never hard-code secrets.

@BeforeTest runs once before all methods in a test tag of testng.xml; @BeforeMethod runs before every test method.

given().baseUri(url) .when().get("/users/1") .then().statusCode(200).body("id", equalTo(1));

findElement returns the first match and throws NoSuchElementException if nothing is found. findElements returns a List (empty if nothing is found) — handy to check whether an element exists.

Implement ITestListener.onTestFailure(): File src = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE); then copy it into the reports folder.

Hard assert stops the test at the first failure; SoftAssert collects failures and reports them together when assertAll() is called.

Lambdas are short anonymous functions; streams process collections declaratively with filter, map and collect, for example filtering link text from a list of elements.

String r = new StringBuilder(s).reverse().toString(); // or loop from the last index and append each character

200 OK, 201 Created, 204 No Content, 400 Bad Request, 401 Unauthorized, 403 Forbidden, 404 Not Found, 500 Internal Server Error.

Click to open the dropdown, then locate the option by its text, e.g. //li[text()='India'], and click it. Add an explicit wait for the animation.

It uses the key's hashCode to find a bucket and equals to resolve collisions, giving O(1) average lookups; Java 8 converts long buckets into trees.

public (everywhere), protected (package and subclasses), default (package) and private (same class), used to control visibility of test utilities.

switchTo().frame(index, name or element) enters the frame, and switchTo().defaultContent() returns to the main page.

Encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism and abstraction. Testers use them to build reusable page classes, base tests and utility libraries.

Re-locate the element after the DOM refreshes, use explicit waits for the refreshed element, don't keep element references for long, or wrap the action in retry logic.

Stabilise waits and data, isolate tests, use retries cautiously, quarantine unstable tests, run in consistent containers and track flaky rates.

Implement IRetryAnalyzer with a retry count and attach it through the test annotation or a listener to rerun flaky tests.

Use then().time(lessThan(2000L)) and then().header("Content-Type", containsString("json")) along with body assertions.

Tag tests with groups = {"smoke","regression"} and include or exclude them in testng.xml to run chosen sets.

Use mocks or stubs such as WireMock to simulate the dependency and test your service in isolation.

Running the same test logic with multiple data sets from Excel, CSV, JSON or a database, so coverage increases without duplicating code.

Relative locators, improved Grid, W3C compliance, new window or tab creation, Chrome DevTools Protocol access and element-level screenshots.

Automate stable, repetitive, high-risk and data-heavy flows (smoke, regression). Skip one-time tests, frequently changing UI and checks needing human judgement. Compare run frequency × manual time with build and maintenance cost.

A test framework offering annotations, grouping, prioritisation, parallel runs, data providers and reports, which structure and scale Selenium tests.

An interface for systems to talk to each other. GET reads, POST creates, PUT replaces, PATCH updates partially and DELETE removes.

A subclass redefines a parent method. Frameworks use it to customise base behaviour, such as overriding a wait or click method in a base page class.

200 OK, 201 Created, 400 bad request, 401 unauthenticated, 403 forbidden, 404 not found and 500 server error.

Classes such as Integer and Double that wrap primitive types as objects, needed for collections and for parsing text from web elements.

String is immutable — every change creates a new object. StringBuilder is mutable and faster for repeated changes (not thread-safe; StringBuffer is).

Verifying that a provider and consumer agree on request and response formats, using tools like Pact, to catch breaking changes early.

Mouse and keyboard actions such as hover, drag and drop, double click, right click and key combinations, built with moveToElement(...).perform().

SOAP is a strict XML protocol with WSDL and WS-Security; REST is a lighter architectural style using HTTP and usually JSON.

ArrayList stores an ordered list (e.g. all product names on a page). HashMap stores key–value pairs (e.g. test data or config properties).

Arrays have a fixed size and can hold primitives; ArrayList grows dynamically, holds objects and offers helper methods.

A configuration file to define suites, tests, classes, groups, parameters and parallel execution settings.

Use isDisplayed(), isEnabled() and isSelected() on the WebElement before interacting or asserting.

close() closes the current window; quit() closes all windows and ends the driver session.

An open-source suite for browser automation: WebDriver, IDE, Grid and the older RC. WebDriver controls browsers through their native drivers.

Do not automate it; ask for a test environment where CAPTCHA is disabled or use test keys, or a bypass token agreed with developers.

Runtime events that disrupt flow. Use try-catch-finally, throw, throws, and custom exceptions; checked exceptions must be handled while unchecked ones need not be.

throw actually raises an exception object inside a method; throws declares in the method signature that it may pass an exception to the caller.

Behaviour-driven development writes scenarios in Given-When-Then Gherkin that map to step definitions in code, so business and QA share one language.