Are these Electrical Measurements handwritten notes free?

Yes. Fill in the short form on this page and the PDF downloads right away. There is no fee for the notes.

Are these official university notes?

No. These are original Uncodemy revision notes for Electrical Measurements. They are not issued or approved by AKTU or any other university, and they are not past papers.

Which syllabus do they follow?

They follow the common B.Tech syllabus for Electrical Measurements used by most Indian universities, including AKTU and colleges on the AICTE model curriculum. Unit order and depth differ, so match the notes with your own university syllabus.

Are transducers included?

Yes. The last unit covers common transducers such as the strain gauge, LVDT, thermocouple and RTD.

Do the notes cover electronic instruments?

Yes. There is a unit on the CRO, Lissajous figures, digital voltmeters and ADC resolution.

Electrical Measurements Handwritten Notes PDF

Key takeaways

Nine units, from errors and accuracy to transducers.
Limiting error and shunt and multiplier design are worked through with numbers.
The two-wattmeter method and the induction energy meter error are solved step by step.
CT and PT, AC bridges, the CRO, digital voltmeters and common transducers are covered.
Original Uncodemy revision notes, not official university notes. Check your own syllabus.

About these handwritten notes

These Electrical Measurements notes are original Uncodemy revision notes, written in a clean handwritten style so they are quick to read before an exam. They follow the common B.Tech syllabus for Electrical Measurements (B.Tech EE, EEE and EIE, and GATE EE basics). They are not official university notes and not copied from any textbook or past paper.

Topic order, unit numbers and depth vary between universities, so first place each unit below against your own university syllabus. If your syllabus has a topic that is missing here, add it in the margin from your class notes or textbook. Use these notes for revision after you have studied the topic once in class, not as your only study material. They are short on purpose: the aim is to help you recall the main ideas, formulas and diagrams quickly, so that your exam time goes into writing good answers.

What's inside the Electrical Measurements notes

Each unit gives the working principle first, then the key equation and a solved example. Instrument and bridge circuits are drawn so you can reproduce them in the exam.

Unit 1: Measurement Basics and Errors. Accuracy, precision, resolution and sensitivity, types of errors and limiting error.
Unit 2: Analog Indicating Instruments. PMMC, moving iron and electrodynamometer instruments, and range extension with shunts and multipliers.
Unit 3: Measurement of Power and Energy. The electrodynamometer wattmeter, three-phase power, the two-wattmeter method and the induction energy meter.
Unit 4: Instrument Transformers. CT and PT, ratio and phase angle errors, and why a CT secondary must not be open.
Unit 5: Measurement of Resistance. Low, medium and high resistance methods, including Wheatstone and Kelvin's double bridge and the megger.
Unit 6: AC Bridges. Maxwell, Hay, Anderson, Schering and Wien bridges and their balance equations.
Unit 7: Potentiometers and Magnetic Measurements. DC and AC potentiometers and the measurement of flux and iron loss.
Unit 8: Electronic Instruments. The CRO, Lissajous figures, digital voltmeters and ADC resolution.
Unit 9: Transducers (Sensors). Strain gauge, LVDT, thermocouple, RTD and other common transducers.

The last page of the PDF lists the most asked practice questions for the whole subject, so you can test yourself after finishing all the units.

Formulas and solved examples in the PDF

Formula boxes cover limiting error, shunt and multiplier resistance, two-wattmeter power and power factor, the energy meter constant and error, bridge balance equations and ADC resolution. Solved examples include a 0-150 V meter read at 75 V, extending a 10 mA PMMC meter to 1 A and 100 V, wattmeter readings of 6 kW and 2 kW, an energy meter error, and a 10-bit ADC at 5 V.

How to revise Electrical Measurements with handwritten notes

Handwritten-style notes work best when you read actively. Keep a pen and a rough notebook beside you, cover the formula or diagram, and try to write it yourself before you look.

Write the balance equation of each AC bridge next to its circuit. Bridge questions are often just this derivation.
Make a comparison table for PMMC, MI and electrodynamometer instruments: principle, AC or DC, scale and errors.
Solve one shunt and one multiplier problem each session until the steps are automatic.
For the energy meter, keep a short list of adjustments and their purpose: friction, creep, lag and light load.

In the last week, read only the formula boxes and exam tips, and solve one numerical or long question per unit from memory. If you study with friends, ask each other to explain one diagram or derivation aloud. Explaining a topic is the fastest way to find the gaps in it.

A short revision plan

If your exam is about a week away, this plan covers every unit in the PDF once and leaves time for practice. Stretch it over two weeks if you are starting from scratch.

Day 1: Measurement Basics and Errors, Analog Indicating Instruments.
Day 2: Measurement of Power and Energy, Instrument Transformers.
Day 3: Measurement of Resistance, AC Bridges.
Day 4: Potentiometers and Magnetic Measurements, Electronic Instruments.
Day 5: Transducers (Sensors).
Day 6: Solve the practice questions in the exam focus section below, one per unit, without the notes.
Day 7: Read only the formula boxes and exam tips, redo the numericals you got wrong, and sleep early.

Common mistakes to avoid

Treating the limiting error as a fixed percentage of the reading. It is fixed as a value, so the percentage grows at low readings.
Using m instead of (m - 1) when finding the shunt resistance: Rsh = Rm/(m - 1).
Forgetting the sign of the smaller wattmeter reading when the power factor is below 0.5.
Mixing up which bridge suits low Q and which suits high Q coils. Maxwell is for medium Q; Hay is for high Q.

How Electrical Measurements links to other subjects

Electrical Measurements builds on Basic Electrical Engineering and Network Analysis. It links to Power Systems, Switchgear and Protection (CTs and PTs), and instrumentation and control electives.

Exam focus: high-weightage topics

University papers usually give the most weight to errors, PMMC and MI instruments, range extension, the two-wattmeter method, the energy meter, CT and PT and AC bridges. GATE EE measurement questions are mostly formula based: limiting error, range extension, two-wattmeter, meter constant and bridge balance.

Typical long and numerical questions to practise:

Define accuracy, precision, resolution and sensitivity, and classify errors.
Explain the construction and working of a PMMC instrument and why its scale is uniform.
Find shunt and multiplier resistance to extend a meter's range.
Explain the induction energy meter, creeping and the adjustments in it.
Explain why a CT secondary must never be left open, and define ratio and phase angle error.
Derive the balance equations of Maxwell, Hay and Schering bridges.

When you write a long answer, start with a one-line definition, draw the diagram or circuit, write the derivation in clear steps and end with the final result and its unit. For numericals, write the formula first, then substitute, so you can still earn step marks if the arithmetic slips.

These are practice questions based on common syllabus topics. They are not verified past papers, and we do not claim any question will appear in your exam. For real previous papers, use your university's official archive.

Who these notes are for

These notes are for B.Tech EE, EEE and EIE students preparing for their Electrical Measurements or Electrical and Electronic Measurements semester exam, and for students revising GATE EE basics such as limiting error, range extension and AC bridges. They also support lab viva preparation, where instrument and bridge questions are common.

Download Electrical Measurements Handwritten Notes PDF