Amazon Automation Testing Interview Questions & Answers

switchTo().frame(index, name or element) enters the frame, and switchTo().defaultContent() returns to the main page.

Mouse and keyboard actions such as hover, drag and drop, double click, right click and key combinations, built with moveToElement(...).perform().

Maven project → POM with a BasePage → driver factory with ThreadLocal → config files → data-driven utilities (Excel/JSON) → TestNG or Cucumber runner → logging → Extent reports with screenshots on failure → Jenkins pipeline.

Implement IRetryAnalyzer with a retry count and attach it through the test annotation or a listener to rerun flaky tests.

Docker packages tools in containers so tests run identically everywhere; Selenium Grid and browsers can be started quickly in containers.

Use isDisplayed(), isEnabled() and isSelected() on the WebElement before interacting or asserting.

Set window size explicitly, use proper waits, check animations and viewport differences, and capture screenshots and logs to find timing issues.

Git tracks changes, enables code review, branching and rollback and lets teams collaborate on the framework safely.

Create a job or pipeline that checks out code, runs mvn test, publishes reports and triggers on commits or schedules.

Use headers such as Bearer tokens, basic auth, API keys or OAuth flows; fetch a token in a setup step and reuse it.

Overloading: same method name, different parameters, in the same class (compile time). Overriding: a subclass redefines a parent method with the same signature (runtime polymorphism). WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver() is runtime polymorphism.

Lambdas are short anonymous functions; streams process collections declaratively with filter, map and collect, for example filtering link text from a list of elements.

Automate stable, repetitive, high-risk and data-heavy flows (smoke, regression). Skip one-time tests, frequently changing UI and checks needing human judgement. Compare run frequency × manual time with build and maintenance cost.

String r = new StringBuilder(s).reverse().toString(); // or loop from the last index and append each character

//button[normalize-space()='Login'] //button[contains(text(),'Login')]

A design pattern where each page is a class holding its locators and actions, so tests stay readable and a locator change is fixed in one place.

Get getWindowHandles(), loop to find the target, and call driver.switchTo().window(handle); switch back using the stored parent handle.

WebDriver sends commands over HTTP (W3C protocol) to a browser-specific driver such as chromedriver, which controls the actual browser.

Stabilise waits and data, isolate tests, use retries cautiously, quarantine unstable tests, run in consistent containers and track flaky rates.

public (everywhere), protected (package and subclasses), default (package) and private (same class), used to control visibility of test utilities.

It manages dependencies through pom.xml, builds the project, runs tests with Surefire and standardises structure across teams.

Schedule the job, spin up environments or containers, run suites in parallel, store reports and screenshots, notify failures on Slack or email and track trends.

Use then().time(lessThan(2000L)) and then().header("Content-Type", containsString("json")) along with body assertions.

A special method that initialises an object. It can be overloaded with different parameters, and testers use it to pass the WebDriver into page classes.

Use Apache POI for Excel and the Properties class for config files, loaded in a utility class so tests read data instead of hard-coding it.

A scripted or declarative Jenkinsfile that defines stages such as build, test and deploy as code stored with the project.

A configuration file to define suites, tests, classes, groups, parameters and parallel execution settings.

ArrayList has fast random access and slower inserts in the middle; LinkedList has fast inserts and deletes but slow access by index.

final makes a variable, method or class unchangeable; finally is a block that always runs after try-catch; finalize is a deprecated method called before garbage collection.

Store each driver in a ThreadLocal so every thread gets its own instance and tests do not interfere.

A Java library that makes API tests readable using given-when-then, with easy request building, response validation and JSON path support.

Classes such as Integer and Double that wrap primitive types as objects, needed for collections and for parsing text from web elements.

It makes a test run only after specified tests pass, otherwise it is skipped. Use sparingly as it creates coupled tests.

An interface for systems to talk to each other. GET reads, POST creates, PUT replaces, PATCH updates partially and DELETE removes.

A method annotated with @DataProvider returns a 2D object array and the test with dataProvider = "name" runs once per row.

Use then().statusCode(200).body("data.id", equalTo(5)), or extract() the response and assert fields with JsonPath.

If the element is <input type="file">, use element.sendKeys("C:/path/file.pdf"). Use the Robot class or AutoIt only as a last resort for OS dialogs.

Keep credentials in external data, parameterise the test with a data provider, reuse a login method in a page class, and clear sessions between roles.

A try block that automatically closes resources such as file readers or streams, preventing leaks without a finally block.

A framework combining data-driven, keyword-driven and POM approaches with reporting and utilities, giving flexibility and reuse.

findElement returns the first match and throws NoSuchElementException if nothing is found. findElements returns a List (empty if nothing is found) — handy to check whether an element exists.

Compare effort saved by running automated tests repeatedly against the cost of building and maintaining scripts, counting execution time, defects found earlier and release speed.

Implicit, explicit (WebDriverWait with ExpectedConditions) and fluent waits; avoid mixing implicit and explicit waits and never rely on Thread.sleep.

Comparable defines the natural order inside the class (compareTo); Comparator defines custom orders externally (compare), useful for sorting test data in several ways.

Tag tests with groups = {"smoke","regression"} and include or exclude them in testng.xml to run chosen sets.

Encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism and abstraction. Testers use them to build reusable page classes, base tests and utility libraries.

close() closes the current window; quit() closes all windows and ends the driver session.

It runs tests in parallel across multiple machines and browsers using a hub and nodes, cutting execution time and increasing browser coverage.

Arrays have a fixed size and can hold primitives; ArrayList grows dynamically, holds objects and offers helper methods.

Running the same test logic with multiple data sets from Excel, CSV, JSON or a database, so coverage increases without duplicating code.

A lightweight text format of key-value pairs and arrays used in API requests and responses, validated field by field in tests.

driver.switchTo().alert() lets you accept, dismiss, read text or send keys. Browser windows are handled with window handles.

Cast the driver to JavascriptExecutor and use executeScript, for example to scroll into view or click hidden elements.

Use external files or APIs and database setup scripts, generate unique data per run, and clean up afterwards so tests stay independent.

Encapsulation: private locators with public page methods. Inheritance: pages extend a BasePage. Polymorphism: the WebDriver interface for different browsers. Abstraction: utility layers hiding Selenium details.

Use the Select class with selectByVisibleText, selectByValue or selectByIndex; for custom dropdowns click and choose from the list of elements.

POST creates a resource, PUT replaces the whole resource (idempotent) and PATCH updates part of it.

200 OK, 201 Created, 204 No Content, 400 Bad Request, 401 Unauthorized, 403 Forbidden, 404 Not Found, 500 Internal Server Error.

id, name, className, tagName, linkText, partialLinkText, CSS selector and XPath. Prefer stable ids or CSS, using XPath when needed.

String is immutable — every change creates a new object. StringBuilder is mutable and faster for repeated changes (not thread-safe; StringBuffer is).

given().baseUri(url) .when().get("/users/1") .then().statusCode(200).body("id", equalTo(1));

An abstract class can hold state and concrete methods; an interface defines a contract (with default methods since Java 8). A class extends one abstract class but can implement many interfaces.

A helper that initialises @FindBy elements lazily using initElements; some teams skip it in favour of plain By locators.

ArrayList stores an ordered list (e.g. all product names on a page). HashMap stores key–value pairs (e.g. test data or config properties).

Headless mode or screen resolution, timing issues, environment data, missing dependencies, browser–driver version mismatch or parallel conflicts. Check logs and failure screenshots and make waits robust.

throw actually raises an exception object inside a method; throws declares in the method signature that it may pass an exception to the caller.

TestNG reports, ExtentReports and Allure give charts, screenshots and logs that are easy to share with the team.

@BeforeTest runs once before all methods in a test tag of testng.xml; @BeforeMethod runs before every test method.

ArrayList and LinkedList for lists, HashSet for unique values, HashMap for key-value test data, and Iterator for traversing them, for example collecting web elements in a list.

An API client. Add tests in JavaScript, use environments and collections, and run them with Newman in a CI pipeline.

One interface, many forms. WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver() lets the same test code run on any browser class that implements WebDriver.

Use TestNG parallel="methods | classes | tests" with thread-count, keep WebDriver in a ThreadLocal, and use Selenium Grid or a cloud grid for multiple browsers.

An authorisation framework where a client obtains an access token from an auth server and sends it as a Bearer token; tests fetch and reuse the token in setup.