01
How do you write a query to find users active in consecutive months?
Show answer
Get distinct user-month pairs, self-join or use LAG on month per user, and keep rows where the previous month is exactly one month earlier.
L&T Technology Services Business Analytics Interview Questions & Answers
Curated interview practice questions with answers. These are practice scenarios, not a verified list of past interview questions.
About L&T Technology Services hiring for Business Analytics roles
L&T Technology Services is an engineering research and development services company and part of the Larsen & Toubro group. It works with clients in transportation, industrial products, telecom, medical devices and plant engineering on product design, embedded systems and digital engineering. In India it hires engineers for software, embedded, testing and data roles across its engineering and delivery centres.
For Business Analytics roles, this L&T Technology Services practice set focuses most on UAT and BA Documentation (6), Requirements and Agile (5), Excel for Business Analysts (5), Product Analytics (4). It has 18 easy, 20 medium, 2 hard questions, so you can start easy and work up to the harder ones.
- Company type
- IT services
- Headquarters
- Vadodara, India
- Main India offices
- Vadodara, Bengaluru, Chennai, Mysuru, Pune
L&T Technology Services Business Analytics interview process
- Online assessment (aptitude + technical MCQs)
- Technical interview
- Managerial round
- HR round
Typical pattern based on public candidate experiences. Rounds vary by role, team and year.
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02
What is the cash conversion cycle?
Show answer
The cash conversion cycle measures how many days cash is tied up in operations. It equals days inventory outstanding plus days sales outstanding minus days payables outstanding. Example: inventory sits 40 days, customers pay in 30 days and suppliers are paid in 45 days, so the cycle is 40 + 30 - 45 = 25 days. A shorter cycle means less working capital is needed. Some marketplaces have a negative cycle because they collect from customers before paying sellers.
03
What is the difference between release notes and a user manual?
Show answer
Release notes describe what changed in a specific release: new features, enhancements, fixed defects, known issues and any actions users must take. They are short and version-specific. A user manual or user guide explains how to use the whole system to complete tasks, with step-by-step instructions and screenshots, and is updated as the product evolves. BAs often review both, because users rely on them in the first weeks after go-live.
04
Compare Import mode, DirectQuery and Live Connection in Power BI.
Show answer
Import copies data into the compressed in-memory model, giving the fastest visuals and full DAX, but data is only as fresh as the last refresh and size is limited. DirectQuery sends queries to the source at view time, so data is near real time but visuals are slower and some DAX is restricted. Live Connection points to an existing published semantic model or Analysis Services model without its own model. Composite models mix Import and DirectQuery.
05
What is a UAT test plan and what does it contain?
Show answer
A UAT test plan defines how acceptance testing will be run. It covers scope and out-of-scope items, business processes to be tested, entry and exit criteria, roles such as testers, UAT lead and sign-off authority, test environment and test data, schedule and cycles, defect management process with severity definitions, communication and reporting, and risks. The BA usually drafts it with business owners so testers know exactly what they are accepting and when.
06
Control has 10,000 users with 400 purchases and the variant has 10,000 users with 460 purchases. Calculate the lift.
Show answer
Control conversion is 400 divided by 10,000, which is 4.0 percent. Variant conversion is 460 divided by 10,000, which is 4.6 percent. The absolute lift is 0.6 percentage points and the relative lift is 0.6 divided by 4.0, which is 15 percent. Before calling it a win, run a two-proportion significance test and check the confidence interval and guardrail metrics.
07
BRD vs FRD?
Show answer
A BRD states what the business needs and why. An FRD details how the system should behave to meet those needs (functional specifications).
08
UAT starts tomorrow, but the business has not nominated any testers. What do you do?
Show answer
Escalate immediately to the business sponsor with the impact: each day without testers delays sign-off and go-live. Ask for named testers with protected time, even part-time. Meanwhile, prepare so no time is lost: finalise test cases, check the environment and data, and plan a short tester briefing. If testers cannot be released, propose re-planning UAT dates rather than letting IT or the BA test on the business's behalf, because acceptance must come from the users.
09
What is feature adoption rate and how do you measure it?
Show answer
Feature adoption rate is the share of eligible active users who used a feature in a period. For example, if 4,000 of 20,000 monthly active users used saved searches, adoption is 20 percent. Measure it against eligible users only, track first use and repeat use separately, and compare retention of adopters versus non-adopters. High first use with low repeat use often means the feature is discoverable but not valuable.
10
A ride-hailing app's ride cancellation rate rose from 8 to 14 percent. How would you structure the problem?
Show answer
First split by who cancels: riders or drivers. For rider cancellations, check wait times, pickup accuracy, price surges and changes in ETA. For driver cancellations, check trip distance, payment mode, low fares, destination visibility and incentive changes. Then segment by city, time of day and area. Link to recent changes like a new pricing rule. Recommend fixes for the largest driver, such as better matching or adjusted incentives.
11
What is value chain analysis?
Show answer
Value chain analysis breaks a business into the activities that create value: primary activities such as inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service, plus support activities like procurement, technology, HR and infrastructure. For each activity you look at cost and differentiation. In cases it helps locate where costs are rising or where a competitive advantage can be built, for example in last-mile delivery.
12
What are Excel Tables (Ctrl+T) and why should analysts use them?
Show answer
An Excel Table turns a range into a named, structured object. It expands automatically when rows are added, so formulas, charts, PivotTables and Power Query sources pick up new data without range edits. It supports structured references like =SUM(Sales[Amount]), calculated columns that fill down automatically, built-in filters, banded formatting and a total row. Tables make reports far less error-prone than fixed ranges like A2:F5000.
13
What is the difference between a sprint review and a sprint retrospective?
Show answer
A sprint review is held at the end of the sprint with stakeholders to demonstrate completed work, gather feedback and adjust the backlog; it is about the product. A sprint retrospective is an internal team meeting afterwards to discuss what went well, what did not and what to improve in the way of working; it is about the process. The BA often helps demo stories in the review.
14
Revenue grew 20 percent this quarter but the number of active customers stayed flat. How do you interpret it?
Show answer
Growth came from more value per customer, not more customers. Break revenue into customers times orders per customer times average order value to see which moved. It could be price increases, larger baskets, a shift to premium products or a few large accounts. Then check risks: is new customer acquisition stalling, is churn being masked, and is growth concentrated in a small segment that could leave?
15
Write an Excel formula for the weighted average selling price across orders.
Show answer
// B2:B200 = price per unit, C2:C200 = units sold
=SUMPRODUCT(B2:B200, C2:C200) / SUM(C2:C200)
// a simple AVERAGE(B2:B200) would wrongly give a small order
// the same weight as a large one
16
What is gap analysis?
Show answer
Compare the current state (as-is) with the desired state (to-be), list the gaps in process, people or technology, and plan actions to close them.
17
Three departments describe the same order process in three different ways during workshops. How do you arrive at the true AS-IS?
Show answer
Treat each version as a hypothesis. Walk the process physically or observe real cases end to end, and pull a sample of 20 to 30 recent orders from the system to trace what actually happened. Compare timestamps and status changes with each department's story. Then hold a joint session, show the evidence-based map and mark the variants openly. Often all three are partly right because different order types follow different paths, which should be modelled explicitly.
18
A stakeholder's only requirement is 'make the app faster'. How do you turn this into clear requirements?
Show answer
Ask which screens or actions feel slow, for which users, on which devices and networks, and how it affects the business, such as checkout drop-off. Gather current timings from monitoring data. Then write measurable non-functional requirements, for example 'the search results page loads within 2 seconds for 95 percent of requests on a 4G connection'. Confirm targets with the stakeholder and agree how they will be tested.
19
What is the difference between ROW_NUMBER, RANK and DENSE_RANK?
Show answer
All three number rows within a window ordered by a column. ROW_NUMBER gives a unique sequence 1, 2, 3 even for ties. RANK gives ties the same number and then skips, so 1, 1, 3. DENSE_RANK gives ties the same number without gaps, so 1, 1, 2. Use ROW_NUMBER to pick exactly one row per group, such as the latest order, and DENSE_RANK for 'top 3 distinct salary levels' type questions.
20
What is the time value of money?
Show answer
The time value of money means a rupee today is worth more than a rupee in the future, because today's rupee can be invested to earn a return and future money carries inflation and risk. Future cash is converted to present value using PV = FV / (1 + r)^n. At a 10 percent discount rate, 1,10,000 rupees received after one year is worth 1,00,000 rupees today. It is the basis of NPV, IRR, loan EMIs and valuation.
21
What is a swimlane diagram and how is it different from a simple flowchart?
Show answer
A simple flowchart shows the sequence of steps and decisions but not who performs them. A swimlane diagram divides the chart into horizontal or vertical lanes, one per role, team or system, and places each step in the lane of its owner. This makes handoffs visible, because every arrow crossing a lane boundary is a handoff where delays, errors and unclear ownership often occur. BPMN lanes are a standardised form of swimlanes.
22
Write Tableau calculated fields for profit ratio and a flag for loss-making orders.
Show answer
// Profit Ratio (aggregate so it works at any level)
SUM([Profit]) / SUM([Sales])
// Loss Flag (row level)
IF [Profit] < 0 THEN "Loss" ELSE "Profit" END
// Put Loss Flag on Color to highlight loss-making orders
23
How would you size the market for IT courses in Delhi NCR?
Show answer
Top-down: NCR population aged 18–30 × share of graduates × share wanting paid upskilling × average fee. Cross-check bottom-up with institutes × batches × students × fees. State your assumptions.
24
Write SQL checks to validate a customer data migration between the legacy and new systems during UAT.
Show answer
-- 1. Row counts should match
SELECT
(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM legacy.customers) AS legacy_rows,
(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM target.customers) AS target_rows;
-- 2. Records missing in the target
SELECT l.customer_id
FROM legacy.customers l
LEFT JOIN target.customers t ON t.customer_id = l.customer_id
WHERE t.customer_id IS NULL;
-- 3. Financial totals should reconcile
SELECT SUM(outstanding_balance) FROM legacy.customers;
SELECT SUM(outstanding_balance) FROM target.customers;
25
What is the difference between system testing, SIT and UAT?
Show answer
System testing is done by the QA team to verify that one system works against its functional and non-functional specifications. SIT (system integration testing) checks that connected systems exchange data correctly, such as CRM to billing to payment gateway. UAT (user acceptance testing) is done by business users to confirm the solution supports real business processes and is ready for go-live. UAT asks whether this is fit for our business, not just whether it matches the specification.
26
Tell me about a time your analysis changed a product decision.
Show answer
Situation: the team planned to add more filters to the search page to fix low conversion. Task: I was asked to size the opportunity. Action: funnel analysis showed most drop-off happened after users opened a product page with no delivery date shown, not in search. I shared the data with session recordings. Result: the team prioritised showing delivery dates on the product page, conversion rose about 8 percent, and the filter work was deprioritised.
27
What is a KPI tree?
Show answer
It breaks a top metric into drivers: Revenue = Users × Conversion × AOV; Users = New + Returning, and so on. It shows which lever to pull and where a drop came from.
28
What is the difference between a calculated column and a measure in Power BI?
Show answer
A calculated column is computed row by row at refresh time and stored in the model, so it uses memory and can be used in slicers, rows and relationships. A measure is computed at query time based on the current filters, so it is not stored and responds to slicers. Use a column for attributes such as an age band, and a measure for aggregations such as Total Sales or Margin %.
29
What are the four basic categories of elements in BPMN?
Show answer
BPMN groups its shapes into four categories. Flow objects are events (circles), activities (rounded rectangles) and gateways (diamonds). Connecting objects are sequence flows, message flows and associations. Swimlanes are pools and lanes that show participants and roles. Artifacts are data objects, groups and text annotations that add context without changing the flow. Knowing these four groups lets you read almost any BPMN diagram quickly.
30
Write an Excel formula to count the number of unique customers in a column.
Show answer
// Excel 365
=COUNTA(UNIQUE(A2:A500))
// unique customers in the North region only
=COUNTA(UNIQUE(FILTER(A2:A500, B2:B500="North")))
// older versions (no blanks in range)
=SUMPRODUCT(1/COUNTIF(A2:A500, A2:A500))
31
Write a SQL query to list customers who have never placed an order.
Show answer
SELECT c.customer_id, c.name
FROM customers c
LEFT JOIN orders o ON o.customer_id = c.customer_id
WHERE o.order_id IS NULL;
-- alternative
SELECT customer_id, name FROM customers c
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM orders o WHERE o.customer_id = c.customer_id
);
32
What is product analytics and how is it different from business reporting?
Show answer
Product analytics studies how users behave inside a digital product, using event data such as sign-ups, clicks, feature use and purchases, to improve activation, engagement and retention. Business reporting usually summarises outcomes like revenue, cost and orders by period. Product analytics answers questions like where users drop off, which features retained users adopt, and whether a change worked, often through funnels, cohorts and experiments.
33
Write an Excel formula to extract the domain from an email address.
Show answer
// Excel 365
=TEXTAFTER(A2, "@")
// any version
=MID(A2, FIND("@", A2) + 1, LEN(A2))
// Flash Fill (Ctrl+E) also works for one-off cleanup
34
What is Kano model in prioritisation?
Show answer
A model classifying features as basic, performance or delight attributes based on how they affect customer satisfaction, helping decide what to build first.
35
Explain the defect life cycle.
Show answer
A defect is logged as New with steps, expected and actual results, and evidence. It is reviewed in triage and moves to Open or Assigned, or to Rejected, Duplicate or Deferred. The developer fixes it and marks it Fixed or Ready for retest. The tester retests: if it passes it moves to Closed, and if not it is Reopened. Tracking status and age helps the UAT lead report readiness and spot defects stuck too long.
36
What is data storytelling and why does it matter for analysts?
Show answer
Data storytelling combines data, visuals and narrative so the audience understands what happened, why, and what to do. A good story has context, a clear insight, supporting evidence in one or two simple charts and a recommendation. Accurate numbers alone rarely change decisions; people act when they see the implication. Remove chart clutter, highlight the key point with colour and use titles that state the conclusion.
37
How would you build a simple financial model in Excel?
Show answer
Separate inputs, calculations and outputs, link all formulas to input cells, add scenarios and checks, and avoid hard-coded numbers inside formulas.
38
Guesstimate: how many weddings take place in India in a year?
Show answer
Assume a population of about 144 crore and an average life expectancy of about 70 years, so roughly 2 crore people reach a typical marriage age each year. If about 95 percent of them marry at some point, that is around 1.9 crore people, or about 95 lakh weddings, since each wedding involves two people. A reasonable estimate is around 1 crore weddings per year, concentrated in the winter wedding season.
39
A KPI on your dashboard dropped 40 percent overnight. What are your first steps?
Show answer
Assume a data problem until proven otherwise, because real businesses rarely move 40 percent in a day. Check whether the refresh completed, whether source row counts look normal, and whether any tracking, pipeline or definition changed. Compare with a raw source query and a related metric, such as orders versus payments. If the data is fine, segment by channel, region and platform to locate the drop, then alert the owners quickly.
40
What are fixed costs and variable costs?
Show answer
Fixed costs stay constant regardless of volume, such as rent; variable costs change with volume, such as raw materials.
Tips to crack the L&T Technology Services Business Analytics interview
- Revise core engineering subjects from your branch along with C, basic data structures and one scripting language before the technical round.
- Be ready to explain an academic or internship project end to end, including design choices, tools used and testing approach.
- Read about LTTS segments like mobility, medical devices and plant engineering so you can connect your skills to a domain.
- Keep a one-minute story ready for every project on your CV: problem, your part, tools, result.
- Practise the hard questions on this page aloud; L&T Technology Services interviewers usually ask follow-ups on your first answer.
Frequently asked questions
How many rounds are there in the L&T Technology Services Business Analytics interview?
Candidates usually go through 4 stages: Online assessment (aptitude + technical MCQs); Technical interview; Managerial round; HR round. The exact rounds change with the role, team, location and your experience, so confirm the process with the recruiter.
Which topics should I prepare for the L&T Technology Services Business Analytics interview?
This practice set leans on UAT and BA Documentation (6), Requirements and Agile (5), Excel for Business Analysts (5), Product Analytics (4). Revise those first, then practise explaining one or two of your own projects end to end, because most L&T Technology Services interviewers ask you to walk through real work.
Are these the exact questions asked at L&T Technology Services?
No. These are curated practice questions that match the skills and difficulty usually tested in it services interviews like L&T Technology Services's. They are not a leaked or verified list of past questions.
Where does L&T Technology Services hire Business Analytics professionals in India?
L&T Technology Services has large teams in Vadodara, Bengaluru, Chennai, Mysuru, Pune. Openings and locations change often, so check the L&T Technology Services careers page and filter by city and experience.
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