Advanced Java Programming: Interfaces, Inheritance, Collections, Exceptions

Interfaces

Define a contract of methods a class must implement, using the implements keyword — commonly used in Selenium frameworks to define common page behaviors.

Inheritance

Lets a class reuse another class's fields and methods via extends — the basis for Selenium's common "BaseTest" or "BasePage" pattern.

Collections

List, Set, and Map structures are used constantly to store WebElements, test data, or expected results.

Exceptions

Proper try-catch handling is essential in Selenium, since operations like locating an element that isn't yet present will throw exceptions that scripts must handle gracefully.